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Blue wisps on the road, fill the gaps
- Categories:Nuclear power knowledge
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- Time of issue:2017-03-18
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(Summary description)China has been developing nuclear power since the 1960s. To this day, the nuclear-grade sponge zirconium necessary for nuclear power plants has been dependent on imports. On May 22, 2008, SNP and Westinghouse Electric signed the "Memorandum of Sino-US Civil Nuclear Energy Strategic Cooperation Memorandum" in Washington, U.S. The sponge zirconium joint venture is one of the three important strategic cooperations that both parties will focus on.
Blue wisps on the road, fill the gaps
(Summary description)China has been developing nuclear power since the 1960s. To this day, the nuclear-grade sponge zirconium necessary for nuclear power plants has been dependent on imports. On May 22, 2008, SNP and Westinghouse Electric signed the "Memorandum of Sino-US Civil Nuclear Energy Strategic Cooperation Memorandum" in Washington, U.S. The sponge zirconium joint venture is one of the three important strategic cooperations that both parties will focus on.
- Categories:Nuclear power knowledge
- Author:
- Origin:
- Time of issue:2017-03-18 13:17
- Views:
The following information was translated by Jia Jiangtao from U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, P194/195, January 2017. Prepared by George, M Bedinger [(703)648-6183, gbedinger@usgs.gov]
Zirconium and Hafnium
(Unless otherwise stated, the data are in metric tons)
Domestic production and consumption: In 2016, two factories located in Florida and Georgia recovered zircon sand (zirconium silicate) from open-pit minerals as a product of titanium and zirconium concentrate mining and processing . Metal zirconium and hafnium are produced from zirconium chemical intermediates by production plants in Oregon and Utah. Zirconium and hafnium co-exist in zircon sand in a typical ratio of 50:1. Zirconium chemicals are produced by a metal factory in Oregon and 10 other companies. Ceramics, foundry sand, sunscreens and refractory materials are the main uses of zircon sand. The main end uses of other zircon sands include abrasives, chemicals (mainly used as intermediate chemicals are zirconium oxychloride octahydrate and zirconium sulfate), Metal alloy, welding rod cladding, etc. The main users of metal zirconium are the nuclear energy industry and chemical plants, and the main use of metal hafnium is high-temperature alloys.
Main statistics—United States : |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016e |
Production of zircon sand (ZrO2 content) 1 |
W |
W |
W |
250,000 |
W |
Import: |
|
|
|
|
|
Zirconium, minerals and enrichments (ZrO2 content) |
16,700 |
8,050 |
32,800 |
20,700 |
32,000 |
Zirconium, unfinished products, powder, waste |
279 |
395 |
843 |
1,140 |
1,150 |
Zirconium, finished product |
288 |
321 |
257 |
171 |
250 |
Hf, unfinished products, powder, waste |
24 |
10 |
21 |
72 |
190 |
Exit: |
|
|
|
|
|
Zirconium, minerals and enrichments (ZrO2 content) |
13,000 |
19,000 |
5,860 |
4,080 |
3,300 |
Zirconium, unfinished products, powder, waste |
554 |
600 |
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From the 50s to the early 1960s the Soviet Union, the United States and other construction of the first single capacity of about 300MWe nuclear power plants, such as the United States and the British port of Hipigong 1 nuclear power plant, France's Chouz (Chooz) nuclear power plant, Germany Obrigheim (Obrigheim) nuclear power plant, Japan's Meibang 1 nuclear power plant. The first generation of nuclear power plants belong to the prototype reactor nuclear power plant, the main purpose is to test the demonstration form to verify the feasibility of its nuclear power in the implementation of the project.
Second generation nuclear power plant:
The second generation of nuclear power plants is mainly to achieve commercialization, standardization, serialization, batch, to improve the economy. From the late 1960s to the 1970s, a large number of standardized and serialized nuclear power plants with a single stand-alone capacity of 600-1400MWe were built. Model 212 (600MWe, two-ring pressurized water reactor, represented by American Westinghouse) , A 12-foot fuel assembly), a Model 312 (1000MWe, 3-loop pressurized water reactor, a core with 157 cartridge assemblies, a 12-foot fuel assembly), Model 314 (1040MWe, 3-ring pressurized water reactor, The Model 412 (1200MWe, 4-ring pressurized water reactor, the core has a 193-box assembly, uses a 12-foot fuel assembly), a Model 414 (1300MWe, 4-ring pressurized water reactor, The reactor has a 193 cartridge assembly with a 14-foot fuel assembly), the System80 (1050MWe, 2 loop pressurized water reactor) and a large number of boiling water reactors (BWR) can be included in the second generation nuclear power plant category. France's CPY, P4, P4 '' also belong to Model 312, Model 414 a class of standard nuclear power plant. Japan, South Korea has also built a number of Model 412, BWR, System80 and other standard nuclear power plants.
The second generation of nuclear power plants is currently running the world's 439 nuclear power plants (September 2007 statistics) main unit, with a total installed capacity of 372 million kilowatts. Also a total of 34 nuclear power units under construction, with a total installed capacity of 278 million kilowatts. After the triennial nuclear power plant and the Chernobyl nuclear power plant after the accident, countries on the operation of the nuclear power plant in varying degrees of improvement in the safety and economy have improved to varying degrees.
Other equipment, according to SNPTC and WEC agreed, by the Westinghouse (subcontractor) wing to provide equipment design and manufacturing technology.
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On the basis of the passive advanced PWR AP600, in December 1999, Westinghouse launched the research and development of the AP1000, which lasted for 5 years.
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2. On July 25, 2002, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission accepted the application, and according to 10 CFR Part 52 of the federal regulations and other relevant laws and regulations concerning how to deal with serious accidents, and on the basis of independently carrying out a review and part of the tests, the "pre-certification review" for the AP1000 design was completed, to confirm that the AP600-related tests and analysis program can be used for AP1000 design.
3. The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission put forward a total of more than 700 questions regarding the AP1000 design review, and completed the "final safety evaluation report" for the AP1000 design through independent review and verification. In September 2004, the "final safety evaluation report" was officially released.
4. On September 23, 2004, Westinghouse received NRC's Final Design Approval for AP1000.
5. After the hearing conducted according to the relevant laws of the United States, on December 30, 2005 NRC issued the “standard design certificate” for AP1000 standard design to Westinghouse.
On June 4, the company organized management team to carry out a special action discussion: how to keep in the list of thousands of enterprises in Jiangsu Province, to ensure the company's next stable, better and faster development. The meeting was presided over by Zhao Jiangang, general manager of the company, and attended by the company's leading group, branch members and heads of various departments.
At the meeting, General Manager Zhao Jiangang stressed that since the "3.21" accident, the government's development strategy has been adjusted, and the enterprise's regulatory standards are more stringent. All departments of the company should pay attention to it and study how to deal with the relevant measures. Taking the "3.21" accident as an opportunity, we will study the measures and action items to improve and upgrade the company's management level in an all-round way.
Finally, he said that safety and environmental protection as the company's top priority, which is related to the sustainable development of enterprises, as well as the survival of enterprises, all employees should participate in and think together.
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